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![[Английский язык 6 уровень]](/img/theme/subjects/english-64.png "Английский язык 6 уровень") | Английский язык 6 уровеньАнглийский язык 6 уровень |
Инфинитив в английском языке представляет собой неличную форму глагола, которая обозначает только действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы: что делать? что сделать? Инфинитив обладает как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола.
Признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая в некоторых случаях не употребляется (Bare Infinitive мы изучим позже).
I decided to go to London. - Я решил поехать в Лондон.
В предложениях отрицательная частица not ставится перед инфинитивом, к которому относится.
I will try not to be late. - Я постараюсь не опоздать.
Формы инфинитива
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| Simple Infinitive | to eat | to be eaten |
| Continuous Infinitive | to be eating | - |
| Perfect Infinitive | to have eaten | to have been eaten |
| Perfect Continuous Infinitive | to have been eating | - |
Simple Infinitive. Простой инфинитив представляет собой основную форму глагола. Он употребляется для обозначения действия, которое:
- происходит одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого:
I am glad to meet you. - Я рад встретиться с тобой.
I was glad to meet you. - Я был рад встретиться с тобой.
I will be glad to meet you. - Я буду рад встретиться с тобой.
- относится к будущему времени:
I want you to come with me tomorrow. - Я хочу, чтобы завтра вы пошли со мной.
- безотносительно ко времени совершения:
It is difficult not to use it. - Трудно не использовать это.
Simple Infinitive Passive. Простой инфинитив в пассивном залоге выражает действие над кем-то или чем-то, которое происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым. Эти конструкции часто включают глаголы may, should, could, need, want.
I want to be informed of her arrival. - Я хочу быть проинформирован о ее прибытии.
Обратите внимание, что самая часто употребляемая форма - это Simple Infinitive. На втором месте - Simple Infinitive Passive. Остальные формы употребляются реже.
Continuous Infinitive. Длительный инфинитив используется для выражения длительного действия, происходящего одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым:
The weather seems to be changing. - Кажется, погода меняется (будет сейчас меняться).He pretended to have seen the film. - Он притворился, что уже видел фильм
Perfect Infinitive Passive. Совершенный инфинитив в пассивном залоге выражает действие над кем-то или чем-то, которое предшествует действию глагола-сказуемого.
I am glad to have been told the news. - Рад, что мне рассказали новости.
Perfect Continuous Infinitive. Совершенно-длительный инфинитив выражает действие, которое продолжалось некоторое время до действия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым, или до сих пор продолжается. Этот инфинитив подчеркивает длительность действия.
She is known to have been studying English for three years. - Известно, что она изучает английский три года.Задание 1:
Answer the questions.
1) How old was Columbus when he came to a convent, not far from the little Spanish seaport of Palos?
2) Where did Columbus learn to draw maps and charts?
3) At what age did Columbus becоme a sailor?
4) Who sent Columbus to the University of Pavia?
5) Who was Columbus' father-in-law?
Задание 2:
Which places, mentioned in the task №1, were visited by Columbus?
Задание 3:
Put the events in the correct order.
Columbus was sent to the University of Pavia.
He married the daughter of a sea captain.
The Queen of Spain heard Columbus' story.
He went on voyages to England and Ireland.
Columbus went to Lisbon and asked the Portuguese king for help.
Christopher Columbus learnt the names of the ropes and found out what each was for.
A council of learned men advised her Majesty to give no aid to Christopher Columbus.
Christopher Columbus determined to find a land to the westward.
Columbus' brother-in-law said him that he had seen at Porto Santo great pieces of jointed canes.
Columbus went to Genoa and asked the rich merchants to help him with the voyage.
Задание 4:
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
We would you to come on holiday with us.allowwarningremindexpectpersuadedorderedinviteslove
I didn't the meal to be so expensive.
Please me to buy some bread on the way home.
Mike's parents didn't him to go to the concert.
Doctors are people not to eat so much fast food.
His friends him to go with them.
The captain he men to shoot.
Jake often friends to stay at his house
Задание 5:
Choose the correct form of the Infinitive.
1) He was glad them.
2) I happened her about you when you came in.
3) I want the job by the time I go home.
4) We expect him tomorrow.
5) I'd really like in a nice cool pool right now.
6) We hope all the record manufacturers in Britain when we finish the survey.
7) She is known English for three years.
8) I seem in vain.
9) He pretended all day.
10) I want my friend me some money.
Задание 6:
Put the verbs in brackets into the Passive Infinitive.
1) His greatest ambition is (choose) to take part in the Olympics.
2) We were lucky (invite) to the concert.
3) We were very pleased (be able to) help.
4) I want (inform) of her arrival.
5) This house seems (rebuild) already.
Задание 7:
Let's watch the film "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" which follows Newt Scamander, a British wizard with a penchant for magical creatures that he keeps in his spacious briefcase, who arrives in the United States in 1926 to do a favour for a friend.
Complete the dialogues.
Dialogue 1:
Customs official: British, huh?
Newt: Yes
Customs official: First trip to New York?
Newt: Yes.
Customs official: Anything in there?
Newt: No
Customs official: ?
Newt: Must get that . Um... No.
Customs official: Let me take a look. Welcome to New York.
Newt: Thank you.
Dialogue 2:
Witness: And it was like a... Like a wind. Or like a... Like a . But dark. And I saw its eyes. Shining white eyes.
Reporter: A dark wind, with eyes?
Witness: It's like a dark mass. And it dove down there. Down underground. Someone to do something about it. It's everywhere, this thing. It's out of control.
Photographer: Hey, you get ?
Reporter: Dark wind. Blah, blah.
Конструкция "I wish" используется, когда мы говорим о своих мечтах, желаниях и сожалениях. Глагол "to wish" переводится "хотеть, желать". Часто предложения с этим глаголом переводятся на русский как "Жаль, что…". Это бывает в нескольких типах конструкций, начинающихся с "I wish". В качестве подлежащего в них может использоваться не только "I", но и любое другое лицо. Такие предложения - это, в определенном смысле, условные предложения. Они состоят из главной и придаточной части. Именно придаточная часть влияет на смысл сказанного. Но не нужно рассматривать эти конструкции по классическим трем типам условных предложений.
По смыслу эти предложения выражают сожаление о чем-то в настоящем, будущем или прошедшем; желание изменить что-то неприятное/нежелательное в настоящем или будущем (обычно это желание нереальное или трудно исполнимое).
Рассмотрим конструкции wish + Past Simple, wish + Past Perfect, and wish + would + Infinitive
Wish + Past Simple
Конструкция выражает сожаление о настоящем и желание чтобы нынешняя ситуация была другой. Это желание нереалистично, вероятность того, что произойдет изменение, очень мала.
I wish I had matches.
На русский язык подобные фразы можно перевести двумя способами: с помощью "жаль" и "хотелось бы, хотел бы я":
I wish I had matches.
Жаль, что у меня нет спичек.
Хотел бы я, чтобы у меня были спички.
Обратите внимание: когда мы переводим wish дословно, как "хотеть", придаточные предложения в английской версии и в русском переводе получаются либо оба утвердительными, либо оба отрицательными:
I wish I had matches. (утв.)
Хотел бы я, чтобы у меня были спички. (утв.)
I wish I didn't have headache. (отр.)
Хотел бы я, чтобы у меня не болела голова. (отр.)
Но когда мы переводим фразу, используя "жаль", в русской версии придаточное получается:
- отрицательным, если на английском утвердительное
I wish I had matches. (утв.)
Жаль, что у меня нет спичек. (отр.)
- утвердительным, если на английском отрицательное.
I wish I didn't have headache. (отр.)
Жаль, что у меня болит голова. (утв.)
Wish + Past Perfect
Конструкция выражает сожаление о чем-то, случившемся в прошлом; о том, что вышло именно так, а не иначе.
I wish she had come to my party.
Жаль, что она не пришла на мою вечеринку.
Wish + would + Infinitive
Конструкция выражает раздражение человеком или ситуацией и желание, чтобы ситуация изменилась, либо сейчас, либо в будущем. Изменение, возможно, и произойдет, но мы этого не ожидаем.
I wish Peter would be more polite to his grandparents.
Я бы хотел, чтобы Питер был более вежлив со своими бабушкой и дедушкой.
Задание 1:
Complete the sentences with the missing verbs.
1) In 1887 the Queen on the throne for fifty years, and she was persuaded her Jubilee publicly.
2) After the Jubilee, she went about a little more and saw more people; she Berlin, and some time in the south of Europe each year.
3) In spite of her age she still gave as much attention as ever to business, and two or three hours a day through papers, and her name to public documents.
4) In 1897 when she sixty years, her second, or diamond, Jubilee was celebrated. This time a great state procession was made all through London, and on reaching St. Paul's Cathedral, the Queen's carriage at the bottom of the steps for a brief service of thanksgiving.
Задание 2:
Quiz: Queen Victoria. Let's review lessons 34-38.
Choose: True or False.
1) It was possible that Victoria might some day be Queen of England, but at her birth she had three uncles living, older than her father, who would all have a right to the throne before her.
2) Archbishop of Canterbury first greeted Victoria as Queen.
3) he Queen had a happy marriage with Prince Albert.
4) On the Jubilee Day, June 21, 1887, she went in procession, preceded by thirty-two princesses of her own family.
5) In her old age the Queen was not as popular as she had been in her youth.
Задание 3:
Rewrite these sentences using I wish + Past Simple.
Example: Why don't we have a bigger house?
I wish we had a bigger house.
1) I'd love to speak more languages.
more languages.
2) I hate having to go to school on Saturdays.
to go to school on Saturdays.
3) Why don't we go out more often?
more often.
Rewrite these sentences using I wish + Past Perfect.
1) I decided to work in London.
to work in London.
2) We didn't go to Kate's party.
to Kate's party.
3) I decided to stop working as a bus driver.
to stop working as a bus driver.
Rewrite these sentences using I wish + would + Infinitive.
1) My son isn't working very hard for his exams.
harder for his exams.
2) Mike takes too many days off work.
so many days off work.
3) John doesn't help with the housework.
with the housework.
Задание 4:
Choose the correct verb form in each sentence.
1) I wish it raining. I want to go out.
2) I wish it yesterday.
3) I wish the answer to your question.
4) I wish you so rude.
5) I wish us when they were in town.
6) I wish better French but I am hopeless.
7) I wish they so unfriendly.
8) I wish when you suggested the idea.
9) I wish more time to do this job then.
10) I wish she come to work on time in future.
Задание 5:
Complete the dialogue.
A: ?! About popcorn. In , two American scientists found some popcorn in a cave in and dated it. It was over years old.
B: I didn't of that. about popcorn?
A: Yeah, it's an . Popcorn is thousands of years old.
B: what you're saying. the popcorn we ate in the cinema yesterday is thousands of years old!
A: No! Popcorn in general. People it for thousands of years.
Задание 6:
Everybody uses money. We all want it, work for it and think about it, ? Throughout history people have used things like animal skins as money. A standard unit of value like an animal skin made it easier to buy and sell products and services. In those days, the things people used were valuable because they were useful, . It was also important that they were strong and easy to carry and store.
Gold is another example of something people have used as money, . It is valuable because people want it. It's not very useful - you can't eat it or use it to keep warm, . Gold is something that is only valuable . The use of gold as money gives us an idea of how our modern money works. The money we use is made of paper and cheap metals, . This is the result of our perception and "faith". they have symbolic value. They represent the power to buy things. Money is valuable because we want it, but we only want it .
Complete the text with the missing phrases.
1 - but what is money
2 - but most people think that it is beautiful
3 - but it has value in the same way as gold does
4 - so people wanted them
5 - although the notes and coins have no material value
6 - because we can obtain a desired product or service
7 - but in a different way
8 - because people agree it is
Задание 7:
Find the wrong word in the sentence and write the correct word.
1) He's not sure he made the correct choice. Correct word:
2) You promised not to fight each other. Correct word:
3) There is a legend in my family that a phoenix will come to any member who is in dire need. Correct word:
4) It is your birthday, my boy. Correct word:
5) We will go up in history together as we remake this world. Correct word: